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Budgeting for students
Preparing a budget
» Estimate all sources of funds. The first step in preparing a budget is to identify all sources of funds. Possible sources of funds include student loans, savings, scholarships, work-study grants, student employment earnings, and family support.
» Estimate expenses. Once you have identified all available funds, potential expenses that may arise during the school year must be considered. These expenses will fall into one of two categories: fixed and variable.
Fixed expenses are those which will not vary with the passage of time like tuition fees, books, college fees etc. but Variable expenses are those which will fluctuate during the year depending on the needs and wants of the students like travel, entertainment, telephone and clothes etc.
Financial planning for students
Preparing a reasonable budget and sticking to it is considered to be a basic principle of good financial planning. By assisting college-bound students in developing and maintaining their own budget, parents can help students make ends meet during their college years while helping them develop good money management skills they will be able to use for the rest of their lives.
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Student expenses
How much a student would spend for their living and day-to-day expenses while they are studying will vary according to their personal needs and wants. But here we look at general expenses made by students during their college life.
i) First would be tuition fee. Tuition fees can be at the range of $1,500 – $2,500 for one year course. Take note that public colleges have smaller tuition fees than private colleges.
ii) Second would be accommodation expenses. It depends on that whether the student will be living in hostel for study or at home. A student in college usually would try to find work in between to cover the cost of living. It is something that should be considered before going to college because you have to think of things like rent, food, bills and other travel costs. A common student would need an average of $1,000 extra for these extra expenses.
iii) Third are the materials you need to study. These are the givens like books, bags, equipment and other stationary items including day to day expenses could cost to at least $1,000 a year.
iv) Other Expenses will include travel, clothes, telephone and entertainment etc.
Students on some occasions will incur some additional costs. For example, Architecture students will need funds to cover drawing equipment and materials, and field trips. Fine Art students can expect to spend up to $25 a week on artists’ materials.
Tuition and fees are direct costs while all other expenses will vary based on living arrangements, major, marital status and life style.
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Managing your investments
Though diversifying your investments can help reduce your losses, it can greatly increase the effort involved in managing the portfolio. There are many free online tools available for portfolio management, but there is always a risk that highly sensitive financial data may be used for marketing purposes or even misused.
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Portfolio management services
Many banks and financial service providers offer portfolio management services to high net worth individuals. However, to make optimal use of these services , it is important that the financial advisor understands your goals properly. Else, the money may be invested according to the latest fads , without taking into consideration the risks involved. There are many financial products where you can even lose the principal, if the money is not invested properly.
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Income vs wealth
There is a big difference between earning well and being wealthy. You can earn a lot of money , but if you lead a lavish lifestyle, you may not have much for emergencies.
On the other hand, if you lead a simple life, even if you do not earn much, you can be happy and wealthy if you manage your personal finances well and have enough financial discipline.
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Bank interest rates
In most countries, the bank interest rates are determined by the central bank of the country. If the repo rate or reverse repo rate is increased, the bank rates for term deposits or fixed deposits may be increased after some time. So every time a bank announces a rate hike, it is advisable to wait for a week or so, to check whether the bank will increase their term deposit rates before making a term deposit.
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Liquid / floating rate mutual funds
Liquid / floating rate mutual funds are a good investment option for short term investments.
Though they sometimes offer returns of less than 5% , they have no entry and exit load, enabling the investor to withdraw funds whenever required.
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Mutual funds vs Fixed deposits
An investor decides to invest in Mutual funds or fixed/ term deposits depending on the returns offered, entry and exit loads. If the fixed deposit rates are high (more than 8.5% annually), it is better to invest in fixed deposits instead of debt mutual funds which do not have any guaranteed interest rates. However, most banks impose a penalty if the fixed deposits are liquidated prematurely. On the other hand , liquid mutual funds do not charge any entry or exit load, so are ideal for short term investments.
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Starting young
When you are young, just out of college or in your early twenties there are lot of things you want to buy , but cannot afford to. Since you have a lot of free time, it is easy to spend all the money . However ,if you have a long term aim (like starting your own business), you will also tend to start saving a significant part of your earnings.
If you invest the money you have saved carefully , it will allow you to retire early. The principal and interest are compounded over a period of time , enabling you to be financially independent.
Diversification
If you keep all your savings in a single bank,your large bank balance may attract the wrong kind of attention. A bank employee may misuse the data available to him or her. Also the funds may be misused if there are no proper systems in place. So to diversify your investments you have to:
1. Invest in different types of financial products.
2. For similar financial product (like mutual funds), split investments between different mutual funds.
Financial discipline
Your attitude towards money depends to some extent to the age at which you have started managing your money independently. If you have lived with your family till you are in your twenties, you are less likely to be able to take risks or live on a shoestring budget. If you start a business independently , your financial discipline and ability to manage money/finances can be a major factor in its survival.
Business background
In some countries , starting a business is not considered to be a good option, a job is more “respectable” . So most businesses are controlled by people from certain communities only. These communities are very well networked.
But business owners often have a lot of flexibility in spending their revenues . And the people with money ultimately influence public opinion and media .
Contrarian approach
Though most people like to follow the most popular investing trend, it is not always the best decision. A large number of investors enter the stock / share market when it is close to its peak and hence do not earn above average returns.
Similarly for tech/IT stocks, if you invest when the company is relatively unknown, you are likely to get better returns
Business incubators
Some of the services offered by incubators include
1. Administrative support and arranging for office, laboratory space
2. Technical support
3. Business networking and management guidance
4. Assistance in preparing a business plan
5. Help in finding finance
The incubator may be funded privately or publicly. Most private incubator either have an equity stake in the businesses they incubate or charge a flat fee for the services they provide. Public incubators are funded by the government , since new businesses help in growth of the economy.
Venture capital
Venture capital is an investment made by outside investors in a new high growth business. The investors usually are given an equity stake in a business . The business is usually a high risk business which will find it difficult to get funds through conventional means like bank loans or the capital markets.
However, the returns on a successful investment can be many times the returns on a conventional business. Venture capital firms have general partners who make the investment decisions , select the businesses that will be funded by the firm. They usually have some background or experience in the businesses which are usually funded by the venture capital firm. The partners are usually involved in the management of the companies they fund. The investors in the venture capital firm are limited partners. High net worth individuals and financial institutions with large amount of funds like pension funds, university endowments , insurance companies are investors in venture capital funds.
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